ORBAT - 1980s British BG Part 7, The Infantry Battalion

The Infantry Battalions basic orbat was very stable although there was a fairly high degree of variation between units around a few areas of capability. The battalion sub units were:

• HQ Company
• 3 Rifle Companies
• Support Weapons Company

When deployed to fight the components of these would be mixed to produce task organised company groups and recce groups these might also include capability provided from other arms and services attached to the Battle Group.

Basic Organisation

HQ Company contained the Bn HQ, Supply, Motor Transport, Maintenance, Signals, Provost, Medical and Welfare functions as well as the Drums Platoon and Band. The Drums Platoon could provide 3 GPMG SF sections each consisting of 2 Guns. In addition up to 3 Snipper pairs and an Assault pioneer unit of up to 1 section could be held in the HQ company or in rifle companies or not exist depending on unit manning and the interests of key leaders.

The 3 Rifle Companies each contained a Company HQ and 3 Rifle Platoons.

The Company HQ include, 3 FV432, 1 Bedford MK , 2 Land Rover these were organised into:

• A Tactical HQ of 1 FV432 with the Company Commander and CSM.
• A Control HQ of 1 FV432 with the Company 2IC, 1 FV432 Ambulance which doubled as the company Aid Post and Company MT vehicle.
• A CQMS' Party with the Bedford and Land Rovers this provided the core resupply function, 1 of the landrovers was allocated to the Company Commander for Liaison and might also be used by the Company Seargent Major CSM.

The Rifle Platoons were transported by 4 FV432 all or none of the 432s could have the Peak L37 turret or some mix in between I think the scaling was 50%. The rifle platoon was organised as follows:

• The Platoon HQ included a 51mm light Mortar firing Smoke, HE and Illum. A Signaller, Runner, driver, Platoon Sergeant and Platoon Commander. There was spare capacity in the Platoon HQ vehicle, which might be used to transport attached SF GPMG sections or Snipers.

• There were 3 rifle sections of 9 men, including the driver, they were armed with 1 84mm MAW, a GPMG and SLRs with upto 6 M72 66mm LAW AT Rocket and a number of smoke Grenades and fragmentation grenades. MAWs may be left in the vehicle dependant on the situation, I tended to dismount 1 with the reserve but not with the assaulting sections.

In the late 80s Battle Group GPMG and SLR could be replaced with SA80, LSW and in the 90s Battle Group would be replaced, 84mm MAW could also be replaced with the 94mm LAW by this time.

Suport Company contained a Company HQ and 3 Support Weapons Platoons, Anti-Tank, Recce and Mortars, these were made up as follows:

The Milan Platoon contained a Pl HQ, 4 Milan sections and a Milan Mobile Section.

The Milan Section was transported in 3 FV432 and included:

• 2 Milan Detachments of 2 Firing Posts with the MIRA thermal imaging sight from 1985?
• The Section Commanders vehicle with 1 Firing Post, this was frequently treated as a spare and not deployed.

The Milan Mobile Section Consisted of 4 CVR(T) with Milan Compact Turret.

The Morter Platoon deployed 8 81mm Morters mounted in FV432, 3 MFCs in CVR(T) and Platoon Commander and Platoon warrant officer also in CVR(T).

The mortar line generally worked as 2 half platoon units each of 4 tubes which would provide a capability for always having at least 4 available for action. The limited range of the mortars 4000 - 5000m meant they had to work hard to stay in range, particularly during the advance. As the infantry companies and anti-tank platoon transitioned to Warrior this became very difficult.

The Recce Platoon of 8 CVR(T) Scimeter is covered in detail in an earlier post which you can find here.

Task Organisation

On becoming a battle group and deploying on operations the Batttalion would re group forming sub unit groups. The likely composition of the battle group in terms of sub units is covered in earlier posts here and here. In general an Infantry battalion would form 3 Company groups although companies and or company groups could be detached to other units, a company group being a company and attached elements that are not part of its normal structure.

Company Groups. In general for mechanised and armoured infantry battle groups these consisted of the Rifle Company, and routinely a Milan Section an SF Section and a REME Recovery section containing an FV434 Repair and an FV434 Recovery (Warrior in Warrior units). In addition a Sniper pair might be grouped with the Company and an MFC or FOO. SF and Snipers might travel with Platoon HQs or with Milan Section Commanders. Milan could also be held centrally and SF and Snipers routinely deployed with Milan and Recce.

Task organisation would vary with Mission, a general grouping as described above would deploy the following assets:

• Coy Commander Group 1 FV432 Company Commander and CSM, 1 CVR(T) MFC, 1FV432 Forward Observation Officer.
• Coy 2IC Group, 1 FV432 Company 2IC, 1 FV432 Ambulance Company Aid Post
• 3 Rifle Platoons each 4 FV 432 and 3 Sections
• 1 Milan Section, 3 FV432 5 Milan firing posts, with GPMG SF section of 2 Guns and a Sniper pair
• 1 REME detachment 1FV434 Repair, 1 FV434 Recovery
• CQMS's Group 1 Land Rover, 1 Bedford + Water Bowser , in addition for resupply they would have grouped with them 1 Stalwart UBRE and 1 Bedford 8 Tonne Ammo truck. Fuel could also come packed (in Jerry cans) they would all return to the battle group echelon (supply group) once resupply was complete. The Company Commanders Rover would loiter somewhere, I was never quiet sure where.

so that gives us a total of 20 FV432, 2 Landrovers and 3 Trucks, 5 Milan, 9 Lt Role GPMG, 9 MAW, 54 66mm LAW, 3 Lt Morter, 2 GPMG SF, and 1 Sniper pair.

I intend to represent this with:

• 1FV432 with L37 Peak turret, deploying 8 Figures, including 1 MAW, 1 GPMG and some representation of 66mm
• 1 FV432 with 2 Milan, 1 SF Gun (only 2 in the unit) 1 Sniper (only 2 in the unit)
• 1 MFC or FOO wagon.

Additional Capability would be added to the Company's grouping under particular circumstances and the following equipments and organisations could also be found grouped with armoured infantry or mechanised companies. I will outline likely groupings in the advance, attack, reserve demolition guard and defence

These include:

• Royal Engineers; AVLB, AVRE, Field Section, CET,
• Armoured Corps; Armoured Squadron, Armoured Troop, ARRV
• Infantry: Recce Section
• RMP detachment,
• Royal Artillery Javaln Detachment
• Army Air Corps: AOP

Advance

Engineer assets such as AVLB, AVRE and CET might be attached in the advance to provide mobility support by creating and improving routes through laying bridges and breaching obsticals. The critical nature of the engineer assets together with there vulnerability and there relatively low speeds made protecting them and controlling there movement an important task, this could be covered by Infantry or Armour.

It was highly likely that the company would be grouped with a complete armoured squadron for the advance. The formation of a company squadron group would mean that the two organisations worked closely together and the command elements would move together along with the indirect fire controllers, who would lead would depend on circumstances and terrain. Troops and platoons could be cross attached but this was less frequent in the late 1980s and the 1990s.

Attack

In the Attack the Company was likely to be supported in detail by a troop of tanks whilst the rest of the Squadron provided fire support and sealed the objective from interference. This troop would provide Intimate support to the infantry as they fought through an objective, taking out and suppressing armour and strong points as they moved through an objective. This support could either be provided from in front, behind or to the flanks of the assaulting infantry.

Reserve Demolition Guards

For Reserve demolition guards the company might see a Javelin Section, RMP detachment, an ARRV and an RE Field section. The Engineers would rig the bridge and check the integrity of the firing circuits put the demolition in the correct state, safe and armed and of course blow it up when required. Javalin provided point defence of the target. The RMP would deal with civilians and traffic control and the ARRV would drag any breakdowns on the bridge off it.

Defence

In defence an RE Field Section, a CET, an additional Milan section. and Squadrons manoeuvring around the position could all be expected. The Engineers would help create obsticals and field defences these included:

• Wire,
• Minefields, both nuisance and tactical. These would be used to chanel and slow the enemy and would enhance natural obsticles such as rivers and embankments
• Route Denial, including cratering
• Creation of anti tank ditches
• Digging in of key assets, generally there were never enginers so they largely worked on the big jobs and were supported by the infantry in the more local tasks.

Often the purpose of the Infantry position was to provide a strongpoint from where Milan could take on the armour and around which the Squadrons could Manouvre.

I hope that has given you a feel for task organisation within the Battle Group, the principal equipment variations have been previously discussed and pretty much just replaced the fielded equipment but the impact on the war-games unit is as follows:

• Early 80s Battle Group will be as described with either Challenger or Cheiftain, Artillery will be Abbot, with Chieftain AVLB Centurion AVRE and CET. Infantry will be armed with SLR, GPMG and MAW.

• Late 80s Battle Group will replace the Battle Group HQ FV432 with Warrior along with the Rifle Companies FV432 L37 Peak Turret, Artillery will be M109, Tanks will be Challenger or Cheiftain Still brew, with Chieftain AVLB Chieftain AVRE and CET. Infantry will be either the same as the 80s or the same as the 90s battle group.

• Early 90s Battle Group will be Up Armoured Warrior for BG HQ, Rifle Coy, Milan and FOO, up armoured Challengers for the Armour and for Artillery I'll probably move to AS90 but could deploy M109 AS90 or Abbot, with Chieftain AVLB Chieftain AVRE and CET. Infantry will be SA80, LSW and 94mm LAW.

In addition I am aiming to be able to deploy the same figures in the UK home defence role, The BAOR reinforcement role, the Airmobile role and the Light role. The Orbats and major equipments vary but the core components remain the same.

References:

ORBAT 1980s British Battle Group, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6
Encyclopaedia of the Modern British Army
BAOR in Reforger: Vehicles of The British Army of The Rhine in The Reforger Exercises 1975-91, Tankograd
Rats' Tales: Staffordshire Regiment at War in the Gulf,N Benson

ORBAT - 1980s British BG, Part 6 Royal Engineers

Prior to 1993 the Engieneers provided to divisions came from the Divisional Engineer Regiment and 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment a Corps asset. The divisional Engineer Regiment consisted of 3 Field Squadrons and a support squadron that held most of the major plant items. Plant equipments such as the Medium Wheeled Tractor were allocated for specific activities and as such tended to be held centrally.

The field Squadrons were allocated to Brigades and routinely would task organise field troops to Battle Groups. The field troops provided battle groups with a range of mobility, counter mobility and survivability capability including.

• Minefield Breaching
• Minefield Laying, using Ranger and the Bar minelayer
• Wire Obstical Construction
• Cratering
• Explosive digging
• Booby trapping
• Bridge blowing
• creation of field defences such as trenches, vehicle scrapes and HQ dugouts

The field troops deployed three field sections in FV432 which could be fitted with the Ranger scaterable mine dispenser or tow the bar mine layer. In addition they provided a Troop leader, Recce Sergent and Troop Staff Sergent each with A CVRT who provided Recce, Planning and Liaison functions. These capabilities could be supplemented by the battalion assault pioneer section, more commonly found in light units, but armoured units frequently had some capability or Infantry soldiers most of whom were trained for the construction of wire obstacles and nuisance minefields.

In addition to the field squadrons the Battlegroup could also be allocated a section from the Armoured Engineer troop allocated to the Brigade. Routinely a Battle Group could expect to be supported by 2 AVLBs and an AVRE (or was it the other way round?). These principally provide Obstical breaching capability, either through the deployment of bridges or facines into ditches and smaller gaps.

Anti Tank ditches and there associated berms could be breached or created by AVREs though this could be more quickly achieved working with other plant such as the CET. CETs would also be used to prepare vehicle scrapes or diggin high value targets such as HQs. The AVRE with the Giant Vipper could explosively breach minefields and when fitted with mine ploughs the gaps created could be improved and further gaps created around the breaching point.

AVREs would be fitted to acheive the task required the obvious combinations being a dozer blade with facines and ploughs with Giant Vippers. The vehicles could tow multiple AVRE trailers which would carry additional facines or stores. The crews were also trained sappers and could support other tasks although this would be a bit of a waste of the main asset.

Centurion AVRE towing Giant Viper

My representation of this capability for my 1980s British Battle Group will include

1 CVR(T) representing the HQ or Recce Capability

1 FV432, towing a bar mine layer and mounting a Ranger Scatterable mine discharger

1 CET to represent a range of plant that might be deployed from the Support Squadron

1 Centurion or Cheiftain AVRE + Trailer

1 Cheiftain AVLB

Which at 1:3 is a little rich in AVREs and AVLBs but represents the full range of capability available and the fact that assets would often be split to support separate subunits as well as being grouped on Particular tasks and besides the Wagons look great and you can't really go to war with out the Royal Engineers or the Royal Artillery....... Ubique

As I intend to produce three variations on the BG theme, early 80s, late 80s and early 90s there will be some minor equipment variation.

Early 80s Centurion AVRE

Late 80s Cheiftain AVRE

Early 90s Sheilder

All other vehicles will remain the same throughout,

References:

ORBAT 1980s British Battle Group, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 7
BAOR 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment - potted history
Armoured Engineer Branch of RE Association - photo galleries
Encyclopaedia of the Modern British Army
Royal Engineers BAOR and BFG Blog
British Army Units 1945 on Location and Dates - RE Regiments

ORBAT - 1980s British BG, Part 5 Royal Artillery

Each division's Divisional Artillery Group consisted of 3 gun Regiments and a Blowpipe Battery. In the 1970s the gun regiments were 2 Abbot Regiments and 1 M109 Regiment and this evolved throughout the 1980s as the Abbots were replaced, this process was not complete by the end of the Cold War in 1993. Each Brigade in the division would be supported by 1 of these gun Regiments fielding equipment of a single type.

In the 1980s the composition of each divisions artillery group evolved as follows:

1st Armoured Division 1 Abbot, 2 M109A2,

3rd Armoured Division 1 Abbot, 1 M109A2, 1 FH70 / Aug 1990, 2 M109A2, 1 FH70

4th Armoured Division 2 Abbot, 1 M109A2 / Apr 1989, 2 M109A2, 1 Abbot / Feb 1990 3 M109A2

Blowpipe batteries are shown as being provided to each Division throughout, this is surprising as Javilin was introduced in 1984 and you would expect the batteries to transition to the new equipment.

In addition the DAG could be reinforced by a variety of assets held by 1 Br Corp or in the UK these included

• Batteries from 39 Heavy Regiments M110A2s (Converted to MLRS in 1990)

• Batteries from 32 or 5 Regiments M107s (Converted to MLRS in 1992)

• Locating support from 94 locating Regiment, provision of additional Mortar locating Troops with Cymbeline

• Additional 105mm Lt Gun Batteries from the TA 100 and 101 Regiments

• Tracked Rapier from 22 Air Defence Regiment providing Area Air Defence

• Javalin air defence missile detachments from the TA Javalin Regiments

Blowpipe I think

The Abbot and M109 Field and RHA Regiments were organised along similar lines with 3 Batteries and an HQ Battery.

HQ Battery: Provided the Regimental HQ this deployed alongside the Brigade HQ and was responsible for the deployment of the Gun Batteries and the allocation of Fire Units in response to requests for fire, In an Abbot Regiment it also included a Troop of 4 Cymberline Mortar locating Radars.

3 Gun Batteries composed of

Battery HQ: The HQ formed 2 Groups:

• A Tac Party comprising 4 FV432s and 4 OP parties, one of these being the BCs. They were equipped with Laser Range Finders, Night Observation Devices and the ZB298 Ground Surveillance Radar, replaced by MSTAR in 1991.

• Battery Captains (BK) Party which contained the BK and the BSM who controlled and moved the guns and ensured they were kept supplied. I am not clear on the allocation of vehicles. This was done under the direction of the Regimental HQ who also allocated the Gun Line to tasks.

2 Troops: The Troop consisted of 4 Guns, each supported by a Stalwart for ammunition carriage. A command FV432 and Ferret Scout Car provided the HQ element.

The Battery Tac Party were detached to the supported Battlegroup and provided advice, Fire Planing, and Artillery Observation Posts to call for and control fires. They worked in close cooperation with the Battalion Mortar platoon and would lead on the coordination of all indirect fire including Mortars, Air and Aviation.

There was some confusion over the number of guns in a Battery at this time which may have been due to the difference between the Peace Time and Wartime Establishment of equipment. Most units would increase establishment for war as reservists were called up.

For wargames I currently intend to represent the Gun Group using 2 Abbot and a Stalwart and the Tac Party using 1 FV432. The early 80s Battle Group will be supported by an Abbot Battery with the Late 80s and Early 90s Battle Groups being supported by M109s. In addition an MLRS, M110 and some AS90s might find there way into the collection.

References:

ORBAT 1980s British Battle Group, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 6, Part 7
Encyclopedia of the Modern British Army
The British Army in Germany: An Organizational History 1947-2004
Warpaint: v. 2: Colours and Markings of British Army Vehicles 1903-2003